Power saving display having improved image quality

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure is directed to systems and methods of optimizing display image quality on display devices having a plurality of display power modes. An example apparatus includes processor circuitry to execute instructions to: determine a baseline allowable percentage of distorted pixels for a power mode of a display; determine a baseline first relationship between an original pixel value and a boosted pixel value for the power mode; determine a baseline second relationship based on the baseline allowable percentage and the baseline first relationship; select a plurality of test distorted pixel percentages; determine, for respective selected test distorted pixel percentages, a corresponding test relationship between an original pixel color value distribution and a boosted pixel color value distribution based on the baseline second relationship; determine, for respective test relationships, a respective test peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR); determine, for the respective test PSNRs, respective values indicative of the change in image quality for the test distorted pixel percentages; and select, as the operating distorted original pixel percentage value, one of the test distorted pixel percentages based on the values.

RELATED APPLICATION

This patent arises from a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 17/186,377, which was filed on Feb. 26, 2021, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/242,603, which wasfiled on Jan. 8, 2019. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/186,377 andU.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/242,603 is hereby incorporatedherein by reference in their entireties. Priority to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 17/186,377 and U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/242,603 is hereby claimed.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to display devices, specifically displaydevices having power saving features.

BACKGROUND

Modern display devices, particularly liquid crystal display (LCD)devices and light emitting diode (LED) devices rely upon a back-lightsupplying fairly intense back-illumination to a color panel to producevisible output. The power consumed by such back-lights is considerable,particularly for handheld and portable devices such as smartphones,tablet computers, laptop computers, wearable computers, and similarportable processor-based devices. A class of power saving technologiesincludes selectively limiting the power consumption of displaybacklights. Such power saving technologies, while somewhat effectivetypically compromise the quality of the display image. Each reduction inluminous output causes distortion of a percentage of the display image.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of an illustrative system that includesdisplay control circuitry coupled to a display device capable ofoperating at a plurality of power settings and in which the displaycontrol circuitry optimizes the image quality produced by the displaydevice at each of the plurality of power settings, in accordance with atleast one embodiment described herein;

FIG. 2A is a chart of original pixel values against boosted pixel valuesthat depicts an illustrative graphical determination of a baselinesecond relationship (K₀) at the intersection of the baseline firstrelationship (K₁) and the baseline allowable percentage of distortedoriginal pixel values (X_(i)) associated with a selected display powermode, in accordance with at least one embodiment described herein;

FIG. 2B is a chart of original pixel values against boosted pixel valuesthat depicts an illustrative graphical determination of a plurality offirst test relationships (K₁₁-K_(1n)), each corresponding to arespective one of a plurality of test distorted original pixel values(X_(i1)-X_(in)), in accordance with at least one embodiment describedherein;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an illustrative electronic,processor-based, device that includes display control circuitry tooptimize image quality produced by a communicatively coupled displaydevice 120 at each of a plurality of display power modes, in accordancewith at least one embodiment described herein; and

FIG. 4 is a high-level logic flow diagram of an illustrative method ofoptimizing the quality of a display image produced by a display deviceat each of a plurality of power settings, in accordance with at leastone embodiment described herein.

Although the following Detailed Description will proceed with referencebeing made to illustrative embodiments, many alternatives, modificationsand variations thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Display Power Saving Technology (DPST) adaptively reduces backlightpower consumption while maintaining satisfactory perceptive quality.DPST includes five power saving levels, each of which balances imagequality against power savings. Each power saving level determines apercentage of pixels in the display that will have brightness reduced ordistorted and the degree of distortion. When viewed as a graphical plotof Original Pixel Values (x-coordinate) against Boosted Pixel Values(y-coordinate) the percentage of pixels being distorted defines aninflection point with pixels above the inflection point being distortedbased on the slope of the line segment portion (K₁) above the inflectionpoint. The inflection point (which may vary from image to image) and theupper slope determine the degree of power savings. However, at times,even under the highest level of illumination, a significant loss ofbrightness occurs in some images. Thus, the use of a fixed power savingenvelope fails to provide the best possible image quality.

The systems and methods disclosed herein beneficially and advantageouslyoptimize image quality produced by a display device at each of aplurality of power settings. The pixels forming a display image areinitially quantized based on the original 8-bit color value, forming acolor distribution histogram. The systems and methods disclosed hereininclude a power level setting having associated therewith: a baselinefirst relationship between the original pixel value distribution and theboosted pixel value distribution (e.g., an upper line segment having aslope K₁); and a baseline allowable percentage of distorted originalpixels (X_(i)) in the display image. The display power mode also definesa baseline second relationship between the original pixel valuedistribution and the boosted pixel value distribution (e.g., a lowerline segment having a slope (K₀) where relatively higher K₀ valuesprovide greater power savings and relatively lower K₀ values providelesser power savings).

Display control circuitry determines a baseline peak signal to noiseratio (PSNR) for a baseline power setting (i.e., the baseline allowablepercentage of distorted pixels and the baseline first relationshipassociated with the selected display power mode). The systems andmethods disclosed herein select a plurality of test distorted pixelpercentages and for each selected test percentage determine acorresponding test first relationship between the original pixel colorvalue distribution and the boosted pixel color value distribution. Foreach selected test percentage, the display control circuitry determinesa respective PSNR for the test percentage using the display image. Thesystems and methods disclosed herein then determine a value indicativeof the change in image quality between the baseline allowable distortedoriginal pixel percentage value and each of some or all of the testdistorted original pixel percentage values. The systems and methodsdisclosed herein then select as the operating distorted original pixelpercentage value the test distorted original pixel percentage value thatdemonstrates or otherwise provides the greatest improvement in imagequality.

An image quality improvement system for display devices having multipledisplay power modes is provided. The system may include: a displaydevice that includes a plurality of pixels to form a display image;display control circuitry coupled to the display device to: receive aninput indicative of a display power mode selection; determine, for thedisplay image at the selected baseline display power mode: a baselinepower mode relationship between a baseline number of original pixelvalues and a baseline number of boosted pixel values used to form adisplay image; and a value representative of an allowable percentage ofdistorted original pixel values (X_(i)) associated with the selecteddisplay power mode; for each of a plurality of test distorted originalpixel percentages (X_(in)) between an upper distorted original pixelboundary limit and a lower distorted original pixel boundary limit:select a test distorted original pixel percentage; determine a test moderelationship between the selected test distorted original pixelpercentage, a number of test original pixel values and a number of testboosted pixel values; and determine, for the display image, a test PSNRassociated with the selected test distorted original pixel valuepercentage to provide a plurality of test PSNRs; associate a qualityloss value with the test distorted original pixel percentage, thequality loss value determined using a Mean Squared Error (MSE) and ahistogram of the display image; and select an operating distortedoriginal pixel percentage from the plurality of test distorted originalpixel percentages using the determined quality loss value associatedwith each of the plurality of test distorted original pixel percentages.

A non-transitory storage device is provided. The non-transitory storagedevice includes instructions that, when executed by display controlcircuitry, cause the display control circuitry to: determine, for adisplay image at a selected display power mode: a baseline power moderelationship between a baseline number of original pixel values and abaseline number of boosted pixel values used to form a display image;and a value representative of an allowable percentage of distortedoriginal pixel values (X_(i)) associated with the selected display powermode; for each of a plurality of test distorted original pixelpercentages (X_(in)) between an upper distorted original pixel boundarylimit and a lower distorted original pixel boundary limit: select a testdistorted original pixel percentage; determine a test mode relationshipbetween the selected test distorted original pixel percentage, a numberof test original pixel values and a number of test boosted pixel values;and determine, for the display image, a test PSNR associated with theselected test distorted original pixel value percentage to provide aplurality of test PSNRs; associate a quality loss value with the testdistorted original pixel percentage, the quality loss value determinedusing a Mean Squared Error (MSE) and a histogram of the display image;and select an operating distorted original pixel percentage from theplurality of test distorted original pixel percentages using thedetermined quality loss value associated with each of the plurality oftest distorted original pixel percentages.

A system for optimizing the image quality of a display image on adisplay device having multiple display power settings is provided. Thesystem may include: means for determining, for a display image at aselected display power mode: a baseline power mode relationship betweena baseline number of original pixel values and a baseline number ofboosted pixel values used to form a display image; and a valuerepresentative of an allowable percentage of distorted original pixelvalues (X_(i)) associated with the selected display power mode; for eachof a plurality of test distorted original pixel percentages (X_(in))between an upper distorted original pixel boundary limit and a lowerdistorted original pixel boundary limit: means for selecting a testdistorted original pixel percentage; means for determining a test moderelationship between the selected test distorted original pixelpercentage, a number of test original pixel values and a number of testboosted pixel values; and means for determining, for the display image,a test PSNR associated with the selected test distorted original pixelvalue percentage to provide a plurality of test PSNRs; means forassociating a quality loss value with the test distorted original pixelpercentage, the quality loss value determined using a Mean Squared Error(MSE) and a histogram of the display image; and means for selecting anoperating distorted original pixel percentage from the plurality of testdistorted original pixel percentages using the determined quality lossvalue associated with each of the plurality of test distorted originalpixel percentages.

A method of optimizing the image quality of a display image on a displaydevice having multiple display power settings is provided. The methodmay include: determining, for a display image at a selected displaypower mode: a baseline power mode relationship between a baseline numberof original pixel values and a baseline number of boosted pixel valuesused to form a display image; and a value representative of an allowablepercentage of distorted original pixel values (X_(i)) associated withthe selected display power mode; for each of a plurality of testdistorted original pixel percentages (X_(in)) between an upper distortedoriginal pixel boundary limit and a lower distorted original pixelboundary limit: selecting a test distorted original pixel percentage;determining a test mode relationship between the selected test distortedoriginal pixel percentage, a number of test original pixel values and anumber of test boosted pixel values; and determining, for the displayimage, a test PSNR associated with the selected test distorted originalpixel value percentage to provide a plurality of test PSNRs; associatinga quality loss value with the test distorted original pixel percentage,the quality loss value determined using a Mean Squared Error (MSE) and ahistogram of the display image; and selecting an operating distortedoriginal pixel percentage from the plurality of test distorted originalpixel percentages using the determined quality loss value associatedwith each of the plurality of test distorted original pixel percentages.

An electronic device is provided. The electronic device includes: aprinted circuit board; one or more processors coupled to the printedcircuit board; a display device having a plurality of pixels; anddisplay control circuitry coupled to the printed circuit board. Thedisplay control circuitry to: receive an input indicative of a displaypower mode selection; determine, for the display image at the selectedbaseline display power mode: a baseline power mode relationship betweena baseline number of original pixel values and a baseline number ofboosted pixel values used to form a display image; and a valuerepresentative of an allowable percentage of distorted original pixelvalues (X_(i)) associated with the selected display power mode; for eachof a plurality of test distorted original pixel percentages (X_(in))between an upper distorted original pixel boundary limit and a lowerdistorted original pixel boundary limit: select a test distortedoriginal pixel percentage; determine a test mode relationship betweenthe selected test distorted original pixel percentage, a number of testoriginal pixel values and a number of test boosted pixel values; anddetermine, for the display image, a test PSNR associated with theselected test distorted original pixel value percentage to provide aplurality of test PSNRs; associate a quality loss value with the testdistorted original pixel percentage, the quality loss value determinedusing a Mean Squared Error (MSE) and a histogram of the display image;and select an operating distorted original pixel percentage from theplurality of test distorted original pixel percentages using thedetermined quality loss value associated with each of the plurality oftest distorted original pixel percentages.

As used herein, the term “on-chip” or elements, components, systems,circuitry, or devices referred to as “on-chip” include such itemsintegrally fabricated with the processor circuitry (e.g., a centralprocessing unit, or CPU, in which the “on-chip” components are included,integrally formed, and/or provided by CPU circuitry) or included asseparate components formed as a portion of a multi-chip module (MCM) orsystem-on-chip (SoC).

As used herein the terms “about” or “approximately” when used to prefixan enumerated value should be interpreted to indicate a value that isplus or minus 15% of the enumerated value. Thus, a value that is listedas “about 100” or “approximately 100%” should be understood to representa value that could include any value or group of values between 85(i.e., −15%) to 115 (i.e., +15%).

FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of an illustrative system 100 thatincludes display control circuitry 110 coupled to a display device 120capable of operating at a plurality of power settings and in which thedisplay control circuitry 110 optimizes the image quality produced bythe display device 120 at each of the plurality of power settings, inaccordance with at least one embodiment described herein. As depicted inFIG. 1 , the display control circuitry 110 receives input/output via I/Ointerface circuitry 130 and receives machine-readable instruction setsfrom the storage device 140.

The display device 120 may operate at any one of a plurality of displaypower modes. Each of the plurality of display power modes includes arespective baseline first relationship between the original pixel valuedistribution and the boosted pixel value distribution (e.g., an upperline segment having a fixed slope (K₁) where relatively higher K₁ valuesprovide greater power savings and relatively lower K₁ values providelesser power savings); and a respective baseline percentage of allowabledistorted original pixels (X_(i)) within a display image 122. The dataassociated with each of the plurality of display power modes may bestored in the storage device 140 and/or in one or more storage devicesdisposed at least partially within the display control circuitry 110.

In operation, the display control circuitry 110 receives informationand/or data indicative of the selected display power mode 132 via theI/O interface circuitry 130. In embodiments, the information and/or dataindicative of the selected display power mode 132 may be generatedautonomously and communicated to the display control circuitry 110. Forexample, a processor or controller circuit may generate the informationand/or data indicative of the selected display power mode 132 based onone or more environmental conditions (e.g., ambient light conditions)and/or one or more system conditions (e.g., power source/battery powerlevel). In embodiments, the information and/or data indicative of theselected display power mode may be provided manually. For example, asystem user may manually select a desired display power mode. Inresponse, the display control circuitry 110 retrieves the informationand/or data indicative of the first relationship between the originalpixel color value distribution and the boosted pixel color valuedistribution and the respective allowable distorted original value pixelpercentage associated with the selected display power mode.

Using the retrieved information associated with the selected displaypower mode 132, in embodiments, the display control circuitry 110 firstdetermines a baseline PSNR 114 for the display image 122 provided by thedisplay device 120 at the selected display power mode 132. The displaycontrol circuitry 110 retrieves the baseline first relationship (K₁)associated with the selected display power mode 132. The baseline firstrelationship (K₁) relates the 8-bit original pixel color valuedistribution to the 8-bit boosted pixel color value distribution foreach display image 122 provided by the display device 120. Therelationship between the original pixel color value distribution to theboosted pixel color value distribution may change for each display image122 provided by the display device 120. Using the baseline firstrelationship (K₁) between the original pixel color value distributionand the baseline boosted pixel color value distribution of the displayimage 122 and the baseline allowable distorted original value pixelpercentage (X_(i)) associated with the selected display power mode 132,the display control circuitry 110 determines the baseline PSNR 114. Thedisplay control circuitry 110 then determines a baseline secondrelationship (K₀) between the original pixel color value distributionand the boosted pixel color value distribution of the display image 122.In embodiments, the display control circuitry 110 may determine thesecond relationship. In embodiments, the display control circuitrydetermines the baseline second relationship (K0) using the followingformula:K ₀=(255−K ₁*(255−X _(i)))/X _(i)  (1)

The display control circuitry 110 then, for each of a plurality of testdistorted original pixel percentages (X_(i1)−X_(in)) maintains thebaseline second relationship (K₀) constant and, for each of the testdistorted original pixel percentages, determines a respective test firstrelationship (i.e., K₁₁−K_(1n)) between the original pixel valuedistribution and the boosted pixel value distribution using thefollowing formulaK _(1j)=(255−(X _(ij) *K ₀))/(255−X _(ij))  (2)

For each of the test distorted original pixel percentages(X_(i1)−X_(in)), the display control circuitry 110 determines arespective test PSNR 116A-116 n.

The display control circuitry 110 then determines a respective change indisplay image quality value for each of the test distorted originalpixel percentages (X_(i1)−X_(in)). The change in display image qualityprovides an indication of the effect on image quality based on varyingthe of distorted original value pixel percentage in a given displayimage 122. In embodiments, the display control circuitry 110 determinesthe change in display image quality using a histogram and/or the meansquared error (MSE) between each respective one of the plurality of testPSNRs 116A-116 n and the baseline PSNR 114. The display controlcircuitry 110 then selects, as the operating distorted original valuepixel percentage, the test distorted original value pixel percentage(X_(ij)) demonstrating the greatest improvement in display image qualityover the baseline image. Beneficially, since the display controlcircuitry 110 uses the baseline second relationship (K₀) to determineeach of the change in display image quality values, the powerconsumption of each of the test allowable distorted pixel percentages(X_(ij)) and test first relationship combinations (K_(1j)) is similar oridentical. Thus, the display control circuitry 110 advantageouslyimproves the quality of the display image 122 while not increasing thepower consumption of the display device 120.

The display control circuitry 110 includes any number and/or combinationof currently available and/or future developed electronic components,semiconductor devices, and/or logic elements capable of executing one ormore machine executable instruction sets. In embodiments, the displaycontrol circuitry 110 may include one or more non-volatile data storageor memory circuits capable of storing the information and/or dataindicative of the respective baseline first relationship (K₁) betweenthe original pixel value distribution and the baseline boosted pixelvalue distribution of the display image 122 and the respective baselineallowable distorted original value pixel percentage (X_(i)) associatedwith each of the plurality of display power modes 132A-132 n. Thedisplay control circuitry 110 executes one or more machine-readableinstruction sets that cause the display control circuitry 110 todetermine a respective value indicative of change in image quality overa baseline image quality value for each of a plurality test allowabledistorted original pixel value percentages (X_(i1)−X_(in)). Themachine-readable instructions further cause the display controlcircuitry 110 to select an operating distorted original pixel valuepercentage from the plurality of test allowable distorted original pixelvalue percentage display operating condition based, at least in part, onthe test PSNR 116 that provides the greatest improvement in PSNR 116over the baseline PSNR 114. The display control circuitry 110 thencauses the display device 120 to operate at the conditions associatedwith the selected test PSNR 116.

The display control circuitry 110 may be disposed in whole or in partwithin a processor-based device such as a smartphone, portableprocessor-based device, laptop computer, tablet computer, wearablecomputer, or similar. The display control circuitry 110 may be disposedin whole or in part within the display device 120. The display controlcircuitry 110 may be disposed in whole or in part within a graphicalprocessing unit (GPU) or similar vector processing circuitry. Inembodiments, the display control circuitry 110 may include a stand-alonesemiconductor device such as an Application Specific Integrated Circuit(ASIC) or field programmable gate array (FPGA) arranged as aSystem-on-Chip (SoC) or multi-chip module (MCM).

The display device 120 may include any number and/or combination ofelectronic components, semiconductor devices, and/or logic elementscapable of providing a human perceptible, visual, output. Inembodiments, the display device 120 may include one or more touchscreendevices that provide a tactile input as well as a video or visualoutput. In embodiments, the display device 120 includes one or more I/Ointerface circuits 124 and/or one or more backlight circuits 126 capableof generating an electromagnetic output corresponding and/orproportional to one of a plurality of display power modes 132A-132 n.The display device 120 may be disposed in a smartphone, portablecomputer, wearable computer, tablet computer, laptop computer ornetbook. The display device 120 may use any currently available orfuture developed display technology, such as liquid crystal display(LCD) display technology; light emitting diode (LED) display technology;quantum dot LED (QLED) display technology; polymer LED (PLED) displaytechnology; and similar. The display device 120 may have any displayresolution, including but not limited to: 4:3 aspect ratio resolutions(640×480, 800×600, 960×720, 1024×768, 1280×960, 1400×1050, 1440×1080,1600×1200, 1856×1392, 1920×1440, 2048×1536, etc.); 16:10 aspect ratioresolutions (1200×800, 1440×900, 1680×1050, 1920×1200, 2560×1600, etc.);or any other aspect ratios and/or display resolutions. In embodiments,the display device 120 includes one or more I/O interfaces to receiveinformation and/or data indicative of the display operating mode 112from the display control circuitry 110.

The I/O interface circuitry 130 includes any number and/or combinationof wired I/O interface circuits 134 and/or wireless I/O interfacecircuits 136. The I/O interface circuitry 130 communicates informationand/or data indicative of a defined display power mode 132 to thedisplay control circuitry 110. In embodiments, the display power mode132 may be autonomously selected. For example, by a system controlcircuit coupled to one or more sensors and/or sensor arrays, such as anambient light sensor or sensor array that provides an input used toadjust the brightness of the display device 120. In embodiments, thedisplay power mode 132 may be manually selected. For example, a systemuser may provide an input indicative of a desired display power mode132.

The storage device 140 may include any number and/or combination ofdevices capable of storing information and/or data including one or moremachine-readable instruction sets. In embodiments, the storage device140 may include one or more data stores, data structures, or databases,that store or otherwise retain information and/or data representativeof: the first relationship (K₁) between the baseline original pixelcolor value distribution and the baseline boosted pixel color valuedistribution associated with each respective one of the plurality ofdisplay power modes 132A-132 n; and the baseline allowable limit ofdistorted original color value pixels (X_(i)) associated with theselected display power mode 132.

FIG. 2A is a chart 200A of original pixel values 210 against boostedpixel values 220 that depicts an illustrative graphical determination ofa baseline second relationship (K₀) 250 at the intersection of thebaseline first relationship (K₁) 230 and the baseline allowablepercentage of distorted original pixel values (X_(i)) 240 associatedwith a selected display power mode 132, in accordance with at least oneembodiment described herein. FIG. 2B is a chart 200B of original pixelvalues 210 against boosted pixel values 220 that depicts an illustrativegraphical determination of a plurality of first test relationships(K₁₁−K_(1n)), each corresponding to a respective one of a plurality oftest distorted original pixel values (X_(i1)-X_(in)), in accordance withat least one embodiment described herein.

Turning first to FIG. 2A, the original pixel value 210 includes 256values (from 0 to 255). The original pixel values may be quantized intoa plurality of “bins”—each bin containing an equal or unequal number oforiginal pixel values. For example, the original pixel values 210 may bequantized into 32 bins, each containing 8 original pixel values.Similarly, the boosted pixel values 220 include 256 values (from 0 to255). The boosted pixel values 220 may be quantized into a plurality of“bins”—each bin containing an equal or unequal number of boosted pixelvalues 220. For example, the boosted pixel values 220 may be quantizedinto 32 bins, each containing 8 original pixel values.

Each of the plurality of display power modes 132A-132 n includes acorresponding first relationship (K₁) 230 that relates the originalpixel values 210 to the boosted pixel values 220. Generally, as theslope of the baseline first relationship (K₁) 230 approaches zero, thedistortion in the distorted pixels increases, and as the slope of thebaseline first relationship (K₁) 230 approaches one, the distortion inthe distorted pixels decreases. As depicted in FIG. 2A, the baselinesecond relationship (K₀) 250 extends from the origin 252 to theintersection 242 of the baseline allowable percentage of distortedoriginal pixels (X_(i)) 240 and the baseline first relationship (K₁)230. The baseline first relationship (K₁) 230 extends from theintersection 242 of the baseline allowable percentage of distortedoriginal pixel values (X_(i)) 240 and the baseline first relationship(K₁) 230 to a terminal corner point 232 of the chart 200A. The baselinesecond relationship (K₀) 250 remains a fixed at a given display powermode 132—the display power remains constant for the extent of the secondrelationship. In embodiments, the baseline second relationship (K₀) 250is determined as:K ₀=(255−K ₁*(255−X _(i)))/X _(i)  (3)

The display control circuitry 110 determines a baseline peaksignal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) 114 using the information obtained from thebaseline first relationship 230 and the baseline allowable percentage ofdistorted original pixel values (X_(i)) 240.

Turning next to FIG. 2B, for each of a plurality of test distortedoriginal pixel values (X_(i1)-X_(in)) 244A-244 n (collectively, “testdistorted original pixel values 244”) a corresponding plurality of firsttest relationships (K₁₁-K_(1n)) 234A-234 n extend from the intersectionpoints 246A-246 n of each test distorted original pixel value 244 withthe baseline second relationship 250 to the terminal corner point 232 ofthe chart 200B. Each of the plurality of first test relationships(K₁₁-K_(1n)) 234A-234 n may be given by:K _(1j)=(255−(X _(ij) *K ₀))/(255−X _(ij))  (4)

For each combination of test distorted original pixel value(X_(i1)-X_(in)) 244A-244 n and each of the plurality of test firstrelationships (K₁₁-K_(1n)) 234A-234 n, the display control circuitry 110determines a quality loss by distortion based on Mean Squared Error(MSE) and histogram. The display control circuitry 110 then selects thetest distorted original pixel value 244 and test first relationship 234that provides the most improved image based on the MSE and histogram.The selected test distorted original pixel value 244 and test firstrelationship 234 beneficially shares the same power savings as thebaseline original pixel value and baseline first relationship, butadvantageously improves image quality by adjusting the distortion of thedisplay image 122 based on the histogram of the display image 122.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an illustrative electronic,processor-based, device 300 that includes display control circuitry 110to optimize image quality produced by a communicatively coupled displaydevice 120 at each of a plurality of display power modes 132A-132 n, inaccordance with at least one embodiment described herein. Theprocessor-based device 300 may additionally include one or more of thefollowing: processor circuitry 310, processor cache circuitry 312,system memory 340, power management circuitry 350, a non-transitorystorage device 360, and a network interface 370. The followingdiscussion provides a brief, general description of the componentsforming the illustrative processor-based device 300. Example,non-limiting processor-based devices 300 may include, but are notlimited to: smartphones, wearable computers, portable computing devices,handheld computing devices, desktop computing devices, servers, bladeserver devices, workstations, and similar.

In some embodiments, the processor-based device 300 includes graphicsprocessor circuitry 312 capable of executing machine-readableinstruction sets and generating an output signal capable of providing adisplay output to a system user. Those skilled in the relevant art willappreciate that the illustrated embodiments as well as other embodimentsmay be practiced with other processor-based device configurations,including portable electronic or handheld electronic devices, forinstance smartphones, portable computers, wearable computers, consumerelectronics, personal computers (“PCs”), network PCs, minicomputers,server blades, mainframe computers, and the like. The processorcircuitry 120 may include any number of hardwired or configurablecircuits, some or all of which may include programmable and/orconfigurable combinations of electronic components, semiconductordevices, and/or logic elements that are disposed partially or wholly ina PC, server, or other computing system capable of executingmachine-readable instructions.

The processor-based device 300 includes a bus or similar communicationslink 316 that communicably couples and facilitates the exchange ofinformation and/or data between various system components including theprocessor circuitry 310, the display control circuitry 110, one or morewired I/O interfaces 134, one or more wireless I/O interfaces 136, thesystem memory 170, one or more storage devices 360, and/or one or morenetwork interfaces 370. The processor-based device 300 may be referredto in the singular herein, but this is not intended to limit theembodiments to a single processor-based device 300, since in certainembodiments, there may be more than one processor-based device 300 thatincorporates, includes, or contains any number of communicably coupled,collocated, or remote networked circuits or devices.

The processor circuitry 310 may include any number, type, or combinationof currently available or future developed devices capable of executingmachine-readable instruction sets. The processor circuitry 310 mayinclude but is not limited to any current or future developed single- ormulti-core processor or microprocessor, such as: on or more systems on achip (SOCs); central processing units (CPUs); digital signal processors(DSPs); graphics processing units (GPUs); application-specificintegrated circuits (ASICs), programmable logic units, fieldprogrammable gate arrays (FPGAs), and the like. Unless describedotherwise, the construction and operation of the various blocks shown inFIG. 3 are of conventional design. Consequently, such blocks need not bedescribed in further detail herein, as they will be understood by thoseskilled in the relevant art. The bus 316 that interconnects at leastsome of the components of the processor-based device 300 may employ anycurrently available or future developed serial or parallel busstructures or architectures.

The system memory 340 may include read-only memory (“ROM”) 342 andrandom access memory (“RAM”) 346. A portion of the ROM 342 may be usedto store or otherwise retain a basic input/output system (“BIOS”) 344.The BIOS 344 provides basic functionality to the processor-based device300, for example by causing the processor circuitry 310 to load and/orexecute one or more machine-readable instruction sets 314. Inembodiments, at least some of the one or more machine-readableinstruction sets cause at least a portion of the processor circuitry 310to provide, create, produce, transition, and/or function as a dedicated,specific, and particular machine, for example a word processing machine,a digital image acquisition machine, a media playing machine, a gamingsystem, a communications device, a smartphone, an autonomous vehiclecontrol system, or similar.

The processor-based device 300 may include at least one wirelessinput/output (I/O) interface 136. The at least one wireless I/Ointerface 136 may be communicably coupled to one or more physical outputdevices 322 (tactile devices, video displays, audio output devices,hardcopy output devices, etc.). The at least one wireless I/O interface136 may communicably couple to one or more physical input devices 324(pointing devices, touchscreens, keyboards, tactile devices, etc.). Theat least one wireless I/O interface 136 may include any currentlyavailable or future developed wireless I/O interface. Example wirelessI/O interfaces 136 include, but are not limited to: BLUETOOTH®, nearfield communication (NFC), and similar.

The processor-based device 300 may include one or more wiredinput/output (I/O) interfaces 134. The at least one wired I/O interface134 may be communicably coupled to one or more physical output devices322 (tactile devices, video displays, audio output devices, hardcopyoutput devices, etc.). The at least one wired I/O interface 134 may becommunicably coupled to one or more physical input devices 324 (pointingdevices, touchscreens, keyboards, tactile devices, etc.). The wired I/Ointerface 134 may include any currently available or future developedI/O interface. Example wired I/O interfaces 134 include but are notlimited to: universal serial bus (USB), IEEE 1394 (“FireWire”), andsimilar.

The processor-based device 300 may include one or more communicablycoupled, non-transitory, data storage devices 360. The data storagedevices 360 may include one or more hard disk drives (HDDs) and/or oneor more solid-state storage devices (SSDs). The one or more data storagedevices 360 may include any current or future developed storageappliances, network storage devices, and/or systems. Non-limitingexamples of such data storage devices 360 may include, but are notlimited to, any current or future developed non-transitory storageappliances or devices, such as one or more magnetic storage devices, oneor more optical storage devices, one or more electro-resistive storagedevices, one or more molecular storage devices, one or more quantumstorage devices, or various combinations thereof. In someimplementations, the one or more data storage devices 360 may includeone or more removable storage devices, such as one or more flash drives,flash memories, flash storage units, or similar appliances or devicescapable of communicable coupling to and decoupling from theprocessor-based device 300.

The one or more data storage devices 360 may include interfaces orcontrollers (not shown) communicatively coupling the respective storagedevice or system to the bus 316. The one or more data storage devices360 may store, retain, or otherwise contain machine-readable instructionsets, data structures, program modules, data stores, databases, logicalstructures, and/or other data useful to the processor circuitry 310and/or one or more applications executed on or by the processorcircuitry 310. In some instances, one or more data storage devices 360may be communicably coupled to the processor circuitry 310, for examplevia the bus 316 or via one or more wired communications interfaces 134(e.g., Universal Serial Bus or USB); one or more wireless communicationsinterfaces 136 (e.g., Bluetooth®, Near Field Communication or NFC);and/or one or more network interfaces 370 (IEEE 802.3 or Ethernet, IEEE802.11, or WiFi®, etc.).

The processor-based device 300 may include power management circuitry350 that controls one or more operational aspects of the energy storagedevice 352. In embodiments, the energy storage device 352 may includeone or more primary (i.e., non-rechargeable) or secondary (i.e.,rechargeable) batteries or similar energy storage devices. Inembodiments, the energy storage device 352 may include one or moresupercapacitors or ultracapacitors. In embodiments, the power managementcircuitry 350 may alter, adjust, or control the flow of energy from anexternal power source 354 to the energy storage device 352 and/or to theprocessor-based device 300. The power source 354 may include, but is notlimited to, a solar power system, a commercial electric grid, a portablegenerator, an external energy storage device, or any combinationthereof.

For convenience, the processor circuitry 310, the storage device 360,the system memory 340, the wireless I/O interface 136, the wired I/Ointerface 134, the power management circuitry 350, and the networkinterface 370 are illustrated as communicatively coupled to each othervia the bus 316, thereby providing connectivity between theabove-described components. In alternative embodiments, theabove-described components may be communicatively coupled in a differentmanner than illustrated in FIG. 3 . For example, one or more of theabove-described components may be directly coupled to other components,or may be coupled to each other, via one or more intermediary components(not shown). In some embodiments, all or a portion of the bus 316 may beomitted and the components are coupled directly to each other usingsuitable wired or wireless connections.

FIG. 4 is a high-level logic flow diagram of an illustrative method 400of optimizing the quality of a display image 122 produced by a displaydevice 120 at each of a plurality of power settings 132A-132 n, inaccordance with at least one embodiment described herein. Inembodiments, a display device 120 operates in one of a plurality ofdisplay power modes 132A-132 n. For example, a display device 120 may bemanually or autonomously selectively placed in one of five (5) differentdisplay power modes 132A-132E, with each of the display power modes 132presenting a different power draw/consumption on the system. Arespective baseline first relationship (K₁) 230 and a respectivebaseline allowable percentage of distorted original pixels (X_(i)) 240are associated with each of the plurality of display power modes132A-132 n. The baseline first relationship (K₁) 230 and the baselineallowable percentage of distorted original pixels (X_(i)) 240 associatedwith a respective display power mode 132 defines a baseline secondrelationship (K₀). In embodiments, the baseline first relationship (K₁)230, the baseline allowable percentage of distorted original pixels(X_(i)) 240, and the baseline second relationship (K₀) may be used todetermine a peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) for a display image 122 onthe display device 120. Note that because the baseline allowablepercentage of distorted original pixels (X_(i)) 240 is expressed as apercentage, the actual original pixel value 210 associated with thebaseline allowable percentage of distorted original pixels (X_(i)) 240will vary based on the color and/or tonal content of the display image.The method 400 commences at 402.

At 404, after receipt of an input containing information of a manuallyor autonomously selected display power mode 132, the display controlcircuitry 110 selects and/or determines the baseline first relationship(K₁) 230 associated with the selected display power mode 132. Thebaseline first relationship (K₁) 230 defines a first relationshipbetween the original pixel values 210 and the boosted pixel values 220.In embodiments, the display control circuitry 110 may retrieve datarepresentative of the baseline first relationship (K₁) 230 from systemmemory 340 and/or one or more storage devices 140.

At 406, the display control circuitry 110 selects and/or determines thebaseline allowable percentage of distorted original pixels (X_(i)) 240associated with the selected display power mode 132. The baselineallowable percentage of distorted original pixels (X_(i)) 240. Inembodiments, the display control circuitry 110 may retrieve datarepresentative of the baseline allowable percentage of distortedoriginal pixels (X_(i)) 240 from system memory 340 and/or one or morestorage devices 140.

At 408, the display control circuitry 110 determines a baseline secondrelationship (K₀) 250 between the original pixel values 210 and theboosted pixel values 220. In embodiments, the baseline secondrelationship (K₀) 250 may be determined as a function of the baselinefirst relationship (K₁) 230 and the baseline allowable percentage ofdistorted original pixels (X_(i)) 240 using the formula:K ₀=(255−K ₁*(255−X _(i)))/X _(i)  (5)

At 410, the display control circuitry 110 determines and/or selects aplurality of test distorted original pixel percentages (X_(i1)-X_(in))244A-244 n. In embodiments, the range of test distorted original pixelpercentages (X_(i1)-X_(in)) 244A-244 n may extend above and/or below thebaseline allowable percentage of distorted original pixels (X_(i)) 240.In embodiments, for an 8-bit pixel value, the range of test distortedoriginal pixel percentages (X_(i1)-X_(in)) 244A-244 n may have a maximumvalue given by the formula:X _(in)=255/K ₀  (6)

At 412, the display control circuitry 110 determines a respective testfirst relationship (K₁₁-K_(1n)) 234A-234 n for each of the testdistorted original pixel percentages (X_(i1)-X_(in)) 244A-244 n selectedat 410. In embodiments, each of test first relationships (K₁₁-K_(1n))234A-234 n may be determined as a function of the baseline secondrelationship (K₀) 250 determined at 408 and the respective testdistorted original pixel percentage (X_(ij)) 244 using the formula:K _(1j)=(255−(X _(ij) *K ₀))/(255−X _(ij))  (7)

Note that, since each of the test first relationships (K₁₁-K_(1n))234A-234 n intersect the baseline second relationship (K₀) 250, ALL ofthe test distorted original pixel percentages (X_(i1)-X_(in)) 244A-244 nwill beneficially result in the same power consumption as the originallyselected baseline display power mode 132.

At 414, the display control circuitry 110 determines a respective testPSNR 116A-116 n for each of the test first relationships (K₁₁-K_(1n))234A-234 n.

At 416, the display control circuitry 110 determines a respective valueindicative of the change in image quality for each of the plurality oftest distorted original pixel percentages (X_(i1)-X_(in)) 244A-244 n. Inembodiments, the display control circuitry determines the valueindicative if the change in image quality based using a Mean SquaredError (MSE) analysis along with a histogram of the display image 122 onthe display device 120.

At 418, the display control circuitry 110 selects an operating distortedoriginal pixel percentage that provides the best image qualityimprovement over the baseline allowable percentage of distorted originalpixels (X_(i)) 240 as measured by the analysis performed at 416. Inembodiments, the display control circuitry 110 communicates informationand/or data indicative of the desired operating original pixelpercentage as a signal 112 to the display device 120. The method 400concludes at 420.

While FIG. 4 illustrates various operations according to one or moreembodiments, it is to be understood that not all of the operationsdepicted in FIG. 4 are necessary for other embodiments. Indeed, it isfully contemplated herein that in other embodiments of the presentdisclosure, the operations depicted in FIG. 4 , and/or other operationsdescribed herein, may be combined in a manner not specifically shown inany of the drawings, but still fully consistent with the presentdisclosure. Thus, claims directed to features and/or operations that arenot exactly shown in one drawing are deemed within the scope and contentof the present disclosure.

As used in this application and in the claims, a list of items joined bythe term “and/or” can mean any combination of the listed items. Forexample, the phrase “A, B and/or C” can mean A; B; C; A and B; A and C;B and C; or A, B and C. As used in this application and in the claims, alist of items joined by the term “at least one of” can mean anycombination of the listed terms. For example, the phrases “at least oneof A, B or C” can mean A; B; C; A and B; A and C; B and C; or A, B andC.

As used in any embodiment herein, the terms “system” or “module” mayrefer to, for example, software, firmware and/or circuitry configured toperform any of the aforementioned operations. Software may be embodiedas a software package, code, instructions, instruction sets and/or datarecorded on non-transitory computer readable storage mediums. Firmwaremay be embodied as code, instructions or instruction sets and/or datathat are hard-coded (e.g., nonvolatile) in memory devices.

As used in any embodiment herein, the terms “circuit” and “circuitry”may comprise, for example, singly or in any combination, hardwiredcircuitry, programmable circuitry such as computer processors comprisingone or more individual instruction processing cores, state machinecircuitry, and/or firmware that stores instructions executed byprogrammable circuitry or future computing paradigms including, forexample, massive parallelism, analog or quantum computing, hardwareembodiments of accelerators such as neural net processors andnon-silicon implementations of the above. The circuitry may,collectively or individually, be embodied as circuitry that forms partof a larger system, for example, an integrated circuit (IC), systemon-chip (SoC), desktop computers, laptop computers, tablet computers,servers, smartphones, etc.

Any of the operations described herein may be implemented in a systemthat includes one or more mediums (e.g., non-transitory storage mediums)having stored therein, individually or in combination, instructions thatwhen executed by one or more processors perform the methods. Here, theprocessor may include, for example, a server CPU, a mobile device CPU,and/or other programmable circuitry. Also, it is intended thatoperations described herein may be distributed across a plurality ofphysical devices, such as processing structures at more than onedifferent physical location. The storage medium may include any type oftangible medium, for example, any type of disk including hard disks,floppy disks, optical disks, compact disk read-only memories (CD-ROMs),compact disk rewritables (CD-RWs), and magneto-optical disks,semiconductor devices such as read-only memories (ROMs), random accessmemories (RAMs) such as dynamic and static RAMs, erasable programmableread-only memories (EPROMs), electrically erasable programmableread-only memories (EEPROMs), flash memories, Solid State Disks (SSDs),embedded multimedia cards (eMMCs), secure digital input/output (SDIO)cards, magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitable forstoring electronic instructions. Other embodiments may be implemented assoftware executed by a programmable control device.

Thus, the present disclosure is directed to systems and methods ofoptimizing display image quality on display devices having a pluralityof display power modes. Each power mode has associated therewith arespective baseline allowable percentage of distorted pixels and abaseline first relationship between an original pixel value and boostedpixel value. Display control circuitry determines a baseline secondrelationship using the baseline percentage of distorted pixels and thebaseline first relationship. The display control circuitry selects aplurality of test distorted original pixel values and determines arespective test first relationship. Using the test distorted originalpixel value, the respective test first relationship, and the baselinesecond relationship, the display control circuitry determines arespective PSNR and value indicative of the change in display imagequality for each of the test distorted original pixel values.

The following examples pertain to further embodiments. The followingexamples of the present disclosure may comprise subject material such asat least one device, a method, at least one machine-readable medium forstoring instructions that when executed cause a machine to perform actsbased on the method, means for performing acts based on the methodand/or a system for optimizing display image quality on display deviceshaving a plurality of display power modes.

According to example 1, there is provided an image quality improvementsystem for display devices having multiple display power modes. Thesystem may include: a display device that includes a plurality of pixelsto form a display image; display control circuitry coupled to thedisplay device to: receive an input indicative of a display power modeselection; determine, for the display image at the selected baselinedisplay power mode: a baseline power mode relationship between abaseline number of original pixel values and a baseline number ofboosted pixel values used to form a display image; and a valuerepresentative of an allowable percentage of distorted original pixelvalues (X_(i)) associated with the selected display power mode; for eachof a plurality of test distorted original pixel percentages (X_(in))between an upper distorted original pixel boundary limit and a lowerdistorted original pixel boundary limit: select a test distortedoriginal pixel percentage; determine a test mode relationship betweenthe selected test distorted original pixel percentage, a number of testoriginal pixel values and a number of test boosted pixel values; anddetermine, for the display image, a test PSNR associated with theselected test distorted original pixel value percentage to provide aplurality of test PSNRs; associate a quality loss value with the testdistorted original pixel percentage, the quality loss value determinedusing a Mean Squared Error (MSE) and a histogram of the display image;and select an operating distorted original pixel percentage from theplurality of test distorted original pixel percentages using thedetermined quality loss value associated with each of the plurality oftest distorted original pixel percentages.

Example 2 may include elements of example 1, and the display controlcircuitry may further cause the display device that includes theplurality of pixels to operate at the selected operating distortedoriginal pixel value percentage.

Example 3 may include elements of examples 1 or 2 where the baselinepower mode relationship between a number of original pixels and a numberof boosted pixels used to form a display image may include: a first linesegment portion having a slope K₁ associated with the baseline powermode relationship between the baseline original pixel values and thebaseline boosted pixel values; and a second line segment portion basedon the number of baseline original pixel values and the number ofbaseline boosted pixel values and having a slope K0 given by theformula:K ₀=(255−K ₁*(255−X _(i)))/X _(i).

Example 4 may include elements of any of examples 1 through 3 where thetest mode relationship comprises a linear relationship in which at leastone original pixel value and at least one boosted pixel value are sharedbetween the test mode relationship and the first linear portion.

Example 5 may include elements of any of examples 1 through 4 where thebaseline power mode relationship comprises a relationship in which atleast one original pixel value and at least one boosted pixel value areshared between the first linear portion and the second linear portion.

Example 6 may include elements of any of examples 1 through 5 where theshared at least one original pixel value comprises a pixel valueselected based using the allowable percentage of distorted originalpixel values.

Example 7 may include elements of any of examples 1 through 6 where thetest mode relationship between the respective test distorted originalpixel percentage, the number of test original pixel values and thenumber of test boosted pixel values may include: a first line segmentportion based on the number of test original pixel values and the numberof test boosted pixel values and having a slope K_(1n) given by theformula:K _(1n)=(255−(X _(in) *K ₀))/(255−X _(in)); andthe second line segment portion having the slope K₀ based on thebaseline number of original pixel values and the baseline number ofboosted pixel values.

Example 8 may include elements of any of examples 1 through 7 where theupper distorted original pixel boundary limit is a value less than255/K₀.

Example 9 may include elements of any of examples 1 through 8 where thetest mode relationship comprises a linear relationship in which at leastone original pixel value and at least one boosted pixel value are sharedbetween the test mode relationship and the baseline power moderelationship.

According to example 10, there is provided a non-transitory storagedevice. The non-transitory storage device includes instructions that,when executed by display control circuitry, cause the display controlcircuitry to: determine, for a display image at a selected display powermode: a baseline power mode relationship between a baseline number oforiginal pixel values and a baseline number of boosted pixel values usedto form a display image; and a value representative of an allowablepercentage of distorted original pixel values (X_(i)) associated withthe selected display power mode; for each of a plurality of testdistorted original pixel percentages (X_(in)) between an upper distortedoriginal pixel boundary limit and a lower distorted original pixelboundary limit: select a test distorted original pixel percentage;determine a test mode relationship between the selected test distortedoriginal pixel percentage, a number of test original pixel values and anumber of test boosted pixel values; and determine, for the displayimage, a test PSNR associated with the selected test distorted originalpixel value percentage to provide a plurality of test PSNRs; associate aquality loss value with the test distorted original pixel percentage,the quality loss value determined using a Mean Squared Error (MSE) and ahistogram of the display image; and select an operating distortedoriginal pixel percentage from the plurality of test distorted originalpixel percentages using the determined quality loss value associatedwith each of the plurality of test distorted original pixel percentages.

Example 11 may include elements of example 10 where the instructionsfurther cause the display control circuitry to: cause a coupled displaydevice to operate at the selected operating distorted original pixelpercentage.

Example 12 may include elements of any of examples 10 or 11 where theinstructions that cause the display control circuitry to determine thebaseline power mode relationship may further cause the display controlcircuitry to: determining a baseline power mode relationship thatincludes: a first line segment portion having a slope K₁ associated withthe baseline power mode relationship between the baseline original pixelvalues and the baseline boosted pixel values; and a second line segmentportion based on the number of baseline original pixel values and thenumber of baseline boosted pixel values and having a slope K₀ given bythe formula:K ₀=(255−K ₁*(255−X _(i)))/X _(i).

Example 13 may include elements of any of examples 10 through 12 wherethe instructions that cause the display control circuitry to determinethe test mode relationship between the selected test distorted originalpixel percentage, the number of test original pixel values and thenumber of test boosted pixel values further causes the display controlcircuitry to: determine a test mode relationship that includes a linearrelationship in which at least one original pixel value and at least oneboosted pixel value are shared between the test mode relationship andthe first line segment portion of the baseline power mode relationship.

Example 14 may include elements of any of examples 10 through 13 wherethe instructions that cause the display control circuitry to determinethe baseline power mode relationship further cause the display controlcircuitry to: determine a baseline power mode relationship in which atleast one baseline original pixel value and at least one baselineboosted pixel value are common to both the first line segment portionand the second line segment portion.

Example 15 may include elements of any of examples 10 through 14 wherethe instructions that cause the display control circuitry to determinethe baseline power mode relationship in which the at least one baselineoriginal pixel value and the at least one baseline boosted pixel valueare common to both the first line segment portion and the second linesegment portion further cause the display control circuitry to:determine the baseline power mode relationship in which the at least onebaseline original pixel value and the at least one baseline boostedpixel value are selected based on the value representative of theallowable percentage of distorted original pixel values (X_(i))associated with the selected display power mode.

Example 16 may include elements of any of examples 10 through 15 wherethe instructions that cause the display control circuitry to determinethe test mode relationship further cause the display control circuitryto: determine a test mode relationship that includes: a first linesegment portion based on the number of test original pixel values andthe number of test boosted pixel values and having a slope K_(1n) givenby the formula:K _(1n)=(255−(X _(in) *K ₀))/(255−X _(in)); andthe second line segment portion having the slope K₀ based on thebaseline number of original pixel values and the baseline number ofboosted pixel values.

Example 17 may include elements of any of examples 10 through 16 wherethe instructions that cause the display control circuitry to select thetest distorted original pixel percentage for each of the plurality oftest distorted original pixel percentages (X_(in)) between the upperdistorted original pixel boundary limit and the lower distorted originalpixel boundary limit further cause the display control circuitry to:select the test distorted original pixel percentage for each of theplurality of test distorted original pixel percentages (X_(in)) betweenan upper distorted original pixel boundary limit that includes a valueless than 255/K₀ and a lower distorted original pixel boundary limit.

According to example 18, there is provided a system for optimizing theimage quality of a display image on a display device having multipledisplay power settings. The system may include: means for determining,for a display image at a selected display power mode: a baseline powermode relationship between a baseline number of original pixel values anda baseline number of boosted pixel values used to form a display image;and a value representative of an allowable percentage of distortedoriginal pixel values (X_(i)) associated with the selected display powermode; for each of a plurality of test distorted original pixelpercentages (X_(in)) between an upper distorted original pixel boundarylimit and a lower distorted original pixel boundary limit: means forselecting a test distorted original pixel percentage; means fordetermining a test mode relationship between the selected test distortedoriginal pixel percentage, a number of test original pixel values and anumber of test boosted pixel values; and means for determining, for thedisplay image, a test PSNR associated with the selected test distortedoriginal pixel value percentage to provide a plurality of test PSNRs;means for associating a quality loss value with the test distortedoriginal pixel percentage, the quality loss value determined using aMean Squared Error (MSE) and a histogram of the display image; and meansfor selecting an operating distorted original pixel percentage from theplurality of test distorted original pixel percentages using thedetermined quality loss value associated with each of the plurality oftest distorted original pixel percentages.

Example 19 may include elements of example 18, and the system mayfurther include: means for causing a communicatively coupled displaydevice to operate at the selected operating distorted original pixelpercentage.

Example 20 may include elements of any of examples 18 or 19 where themeans for causing the display control circuitry to determine thebaseline power mode relationship may include: means for determining abaseline power mode relationship that includes: a first line segmentportion having a slope K₁ associated with the baseline power moderelationship between the baseline original pixel values and the baselineboosted pixel values; and a second line segment portion based on thenumber of baseline original pixel values and the number of baselineboosted pixel values and having a slope K₀ given by the formula:K ₀=(255−K ₁*(255−X _(i)))/X _(i).

Example 21 may include elements of any of examples 18 through 20 wherethe means for determining the test mode relationship between theselected test distorted original pixel percentage, the number of testoriginal pixel values and the number of test boosted pixel values mayinclude: means for determining a test mode relationship that includes alinear relationship in which at least one original pixel value and atleast one boosted pixel value are shared between the test moderelationship and the first line segment portion of the baseline powermode relationship.

Example 22 may include elements of any of examples 18 through 21 wherethe means for determining the baseline power mode relationship mayinclude: means for determining a baseline power mode relationship inwhich at least one baseline original pixel value and at least onebaseline boosted pixel value are common to both the first line segmentportion and the second line segment portion.

Example 23 may include elements of any of examples 18 through 22 wherethe means for determining the baseline power mode relationship mayfurther include: means for determining a baseline power moderelationship in which the at least one baseline original pixel value andthe at least one baseline boosted pixel value are selected based on thevalue representative of the allowable percentage of distorted originalpixel values (X_(i)) associated with the selected display power mode.

Example 24 may include elements of any of examples 18 through 23 wherethe means for determining the test mode relationship may furtherinclude: means for determining a test mode relationship that includes: afirst line segment portion based on the number of test original pixelvalues and the number of test boosted pixel values and having a slopeK_(1n) given by the formula:K _(1n)=(255−(X _(in) *K ₀))/(255−X _(in)); andthe second line segment portion having the slope K0 based on thebaseline number of original pixel values and the baseline number ofboosted pixel values.

Example 25 may include elements of any of examples 18 through 24 wherethe means for selecting the test distorted original pixel percentage foreach of the plurality of test distorted original pixel percentages(X_(in)) may further include: means for selecting the test distortedoriginal pixel percentage for each of the plurality of test distortedoriginal pixel percentages (X_(in)) between an upper distorted originalpixel boundary limit that includes a value less than 255/K₀ and a lowerdistorted original pixel boundary limit.

According to example 26, there is provided a method of optimizing theimage quality of a display image on a display device having multipledisplay power settings. The method may include: determining, for adisplay image at a selected display power mode: a baseline power moderelationship between a baseline number of original pixel values and abaseline number of boosted pixel values used to form a display image;and a value representative of an allowable percentage of distortedoriginal pixel values (X_(i)) associated with the selected display powermode; for each of a plurality of test distorted original pixelpercentages (X_(in)) between an upper distorted original pixel boundarylimit and a lower distorted original pixel boundary limit: selecting atest distorted original pixel percentage; determining a test moderelationship between the selected test distorted original pixelpercentage, a number of test original pixel values and a number of testboosted pixel values; and determining, for the display image, a testPSNR associated with the selected test distorted original pixel valuepercentage to provide a plurality of test PSNRs; associating a qualityloss value with the test distorted original pixel percentage, thequality loss value determined using a Mean Squared Error (MSE) and ahistogram of the display image; and selecting an operating distortedoriginal pixel percentage from the plurality of test distorted originalpixel percentages using the determined quality loss value associatedwith each of the plurality of test distorted original pixel percentages.

Example 27 may include elements of example 26, and the method mayadditionally include: causing a communicatively coupled display deviceto operate at the selected operating distorted original pixelpercentage.

Example 28 may include elements of any of examples 26 or 27 wherecausing the display control circuitry to determine the baseline powermode relationship comprises:

determining a baseline power mode relationship that includes: a firstline segment portion having a slope K₁ associated with the baselinepower mode relationship between the baseline original pixel values andthe baseline boosted pixel values; and a second line segment portionbased on the number of baseline original pixel values and the number ofbaseline boosted pixel values and having a slope K₀ given by theformula:K ₀=(255−K ₁*(255−X _(i)))/X _(i).

Example 29 may include elements of any of examples 26 through 28 wheredetermining the test mode relationship between the selected testdistorted original pixel percentage, the number of test original pixelvalues and the number of test boosted pixel values may include:determining a test mode relationship that includes a linear relationshipin which at least one original pixel value and at least one boostedpixel value are shared between the test mode relationship and the firstline segment portion of the baseline power mode relationship.

Example 30 may include elements of any of examples 26 through 29 wheredetermining the baseline power mode relationship may include: means fordetermining a baseline power mode relationship in which at least onebaseline original pixel value and at least one baseline boosted pixelvalue are common to both the first line segment portion and the secondline segment portion.

Example 31 may include elements of any of examples 26 through 30 wheredetermining the baseline power mode relationship may further include:determining a baseline power mode relationship in which the at least onebaseline original pixel value and the at least one baseline boostedpixel value are selected based on the value representative of theallowable percentage of distorted original pixel values (X_(i))associated with the selected display power mode.

Example 32 may include elements of any of examples 26 through 31 wheredetermining the test mode relationship may further include: determininga test mode relationship that includes: a first line segment portionbased on the number of test original pixel values and the number of testboosted pixel values and having a slope K_(1n) given by the formula:K _(1n)=(255−(X _(in) *K0))/(255−X _(in)); andthe second line segment portion having the slope K0 based on thebaseline number of original pixel values and the baseline number ofboosted pixel values.

Example 33 may include elements of any of examples 26 through 32 whereselecting the test distorted original pixel percentage for each of theplurality of test distorted original pixel percentages (X_(in)) mayfurther include: selecting the test distorted original pixel percentagefor each of the plurality of test distorted original pixel percentages(X_(in)) between an upper distorted original pixel boundary limit thatincludes a value less than 255/K₀ and a lower distorted original pixelboundary limit.

According to example 34, there is provided an electronic device. Theelectronic device includes: a printed circuit board; one or moreprocessors coupled to the printed circuit board; a display device havinga plurality of pixels; and display control circuitry coupled to theprinted circuit board. The display control circuitry to: receive aninput indicative of a display power mode selection; determine, for thedisplay image at the selected baseline display power mode: a baselinepower mode relationship between a baseline number of original pixelvalues and a baseline number of boosted pixel values used to form adisplay image; and a value representative of an allowable percentage ofdistorted original pixel values (X_(i)) associated with the selecteddisplay power mode; for each of a plurality of test distorted originalpixel percentages (X_(in)) between an upper distorted original pixelboundary limit and a lower distorted original pixel boundary limit:select a test distorted original pixel percentage; determine a test moderelationship between the selected test distorted original pixelpercentage, a number of test original pixel values and a number of testboosted pixel values; and determine, for the display image, a test PSNRassociated with the selected test distorted original pixel valuepercentage to provide a plurality of test PSNRs; associate a qualityloss value with the test distorted original pixel percentage, thequality loss value determined using a Mean Squared Error (MSE) and ahistogram of the display image; and select an operating distortedoriginal pixel percentage from the plurality of test distorted originalpixel percentages using the determined quality loss value associatedwith each of the plurality of test distorted original pixel percentages.

Example 35 may include elements of example 34, and the display controlcircuitry may further cause the display device to operate at theselected operating distorted original pixel value percentage.

Example 36 may include elements of examples 34 or 35 where the baselinepower mode relationship between a number of original pixels and a numberof boosted pixels used to form a display image may include: a first linesegment portion having a slope K₁ associated with the baseline powermode relationship between the baseline original pixel values and thebaseline boosted pixel values; and a second line segment portion basedon the number of baseline original pixel values and the number ofbaseline boosted pixel values and having a slope K₀ given by theformula:K ₀=(255−K ₁*(255−X _(i)))/X _(i).

Example 37 may include elements of any of examples 34 through 36 wherethe test mode relationship comprises a linear relationship in which atleast one original pixel value and at least one boosted pixel value areshared between the test mode relationship and the first linear portion.

Example 38 may include elements of any of examples 34 through 37 wherethe baseline power mode relationship comprises a relationship in whichat least one original pixel value and at least one boosted pixel valueare shared between the first linear portion and the second linearportion.

Example 39 may include elements of any of examples 34 through 38 wherethe shared at least one original pixel value comprises a pixel valueselected based using the allowable percentage of distorted originalpixel values.

Example 40 may include elements of any of examples 34 through 39 wherethe test mode relationship between the respective test distortedoriginal pixel percentage, the number of test original pixel values andthe number of test boosted pixel values may include: a first linesegment portion based on the number of test original pixel values andthe number of test boosted pixel values and having a slope K_(1n) givenby the formula:K _(1n)=(255−(X _(in) *K ₀))/(255−X _(in)); andthe second line segment portion having the slope K₀ based on thebaseline number of original pixel values and the baseline number ofboosted pixel values.

Example 41 may include elements of any of examples 34 through 40 wherethe upper distorted original pixel boundary limit is a value less than255/K₀.

Example 42 may include elements of any of examples 34 through 41 wherethe test mode relationship comprises a linear relationship in which atleast one original pixel value and at least one boosted pixel value areshared between the test mode relationship and the baseline power moderelationship.

The terms and expressions which have been employed herein are used asterms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention,in the use of such terms and expressions, of excluding any equivalentsof the features shown and described (or portions thereof), and it isrecognized that various modifications are possible within the scope ofthe claims. Accordingly, the claims are intended to cover all suchequivalents. Various features, aspects, and embodiments have beendescribed herein. The features, aspects, and embodiments are susceptibleto combination with one another as well as to variation andmodification, as will be understood by those having skill in the art.The present disclosure should, therefore, be considered to encompasssuch combinations, variations, and modifications.

As described herein, various embodiments may be implemented usinghardware elements, software elements, or any combination thereof.Examples of hardware elements may include processors, microprocessors,circuits, circuit elements (e.g., transistors, resistors, capacitors,inductors, and so forth), integrated circuits, application specificintegrated circuits (ASIC), programmable logic devices (PLD), digitalsignal processors (DSP), field programmable gate array (FPGA), logicgates, registers, semiconductor device, chips, microchips, chip sets,and so forth.

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “anembodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, orcharacteristic described in connection with the embodiment is includedin at least one embodiment. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in oneembodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout thisspecification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics maybe combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: memory; computerreadable instructions; and processor circuitry to execute theinstructions to: determine a first relationship between original pixelvalues and boosted pixel values for a power mode of a display device;determine a second relationship based on a baseline allowable percentageand the first relationship; determine a plurality of test relationshipsbetween an original pixel color value distribution and a boosted pixelcolor value distribution based on the second relationship, respectiveones of the test relationships corresponding to different test distortedpixel percentages; determine, for respective ones of the plurality oftest relationships, a value indicative of a change in image quality; andselect, as an operating distorted pixel percentage value, one of thetest distorted pixel percentages based on the values.
 2. The apparatusof claim 1, wherein the processor circuitry is to cause a number ofpixels to have reduced brightness based on the operating distorted pixelpercentage value.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processorcircuitry is to cause a number of pixels to have a distorted brightnessbased on the operating distorted pixel percentage value.
 4. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein respective power consumption of therespective ones of the test relationships is similar or identical. 5.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first relationship is based on aratio of the boosted pixel values to the original pixel values.
 6. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein as the ratio approaches 1:1, distortion inthe distorted pixels decreases.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein thetest relationship includes a linear relationship in which at least oneoriginal pixel value and at least one boosted pixel value are sharedbetween the test relationship and the first relationship.
 8. Theapparatus of claim 7, wherein the at least one original pixel valueincludes a pixel value selected using the allowable percentage ofdistorted pixels.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the baselineallowable percentage of distorted pixels is based on a composition of animage on the display.
 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a range ofthe plurality of test distorted pixel percentages extends at least oneof below or above the baseline allowable percentage of distorted pixels.11. A non-transitory storage device comprising instructions to cause oneor more processors to at least: determine a first relationship betweenoriginal pixel values and boosted pixel values for a power mode of adisplay device; determine a second relationship based on a baselineallowable percentage and the first relationship; determine a pluralityof test relationships between an original pixel color value distributionand a boosted pixel color value distribution based on the secondrelationship, respective ones of the test relationships corresponding todifferent test distorted pixel percentages; determine, for respectiveones of the plurality of test relationships, a value indicative of achange in image quality; and select, as an operating distorted pixelpercentage value, at least one of the test distorted pixel percentagesbased on the values.
 12. The storage device of claim 11, wherein theinstructions cause the one or more processors to cause a number ofpixels to have reduced brightness based on the operating distorted pixelpercentage value.
 13. The storage device of claim 11, wherein respectivepower consumption of the respective ones of the test relationships issimilar or identical.
 14. The storage device of claim 11, wherein thefirst relationship is based on a ratio of the boosted pixel values tothe original pixel values.
 15. The storage device of claim 14, whereinas the ratio approaches 1:1, distortion in the distorted pixelsdecreases.
 16. The storage device of claim 11, wherein the instructionscause the one or more processors to cause a display device to operate atthe selected operating distorted original pixel value percentage. 17.The storage device of claim 11, wherein the instructions cause the oneor more processors to determine the values based on a histogram of animage on the display.
 18. The storage device of claim 11, wherein thetest relationship includes a linear relationship in which at least oneoriginal pixel value and at least one boosted pixel value are sharedbetween the test relationship and the baseline first relationship. 19.The storage device of claim 11, wherein the baseline allowablepercentage of distorted pixels is based on a color of an image on thedisplay.